diff --git a/ibc_test.go b/ibc_test.go
index cedabe248..6fdcdabd2 100644
--- a/ibc_test.go
+++ b/ibc_test.go
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ type AcknowledgeDispatch struct {
 	Err string `json:"error"`
 }
 
-func toBytes(t *testing.T, v interface{}) []byte {
+func toBytes(t *testing.T, v any) []byte {
 	t.Helper()
 	bz, err := json.Marshal(v)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/internal/api/iterator_test.go b/internal/api/iterator_test.go
index 22b100325..07e82a48e 100644
--- a/internal/api/iterator_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/iterator_test.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func setupQueueContractWithData(t *testing.T, cache Cache, values ...int) queueD
 	for _, value := range values {
 		// push 17
 		var gasMeter2 types.GasMeter = NewMockGasMeter(TESTING_GAS_LIMIT)
-		push := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"enqueue":{"value":%d}}`, value))
+		push := fmt.Appendf(nil, `{"enqueue":{"value":%d}}`, value)
 		res, _, err = Execute(cache, checksum, env, info, push, &gasMeter2, store, api, &querier, TESTING_GAS_LIMIT, TESTING_PRINT_DEBUG)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		requireOkResponse(t, res, 0)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestQueueIteratorRaces(t *testing.T) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	// for each batch, query each of the 3 contracts - so the contract queries get mixed together
 	wg.Add(numBatches * 3)
-	for i := 0; i < numBatches; i++ {
+	for range numBatches {
 		go func() {
 			reduceQuery(t, contract1, "[[17,22],[22,0]]")
 			wg.Done()
diff --git a/internal/api/lib_test.go b/internal/api/lib_test.go
index acdfd869c..3b2334dbe 100644
--- a/internal/api/lib_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/lib_test.go
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ func Benchmark100ConcurrentContractCalls(b *testing.B) {
 
 		info = MockInfoBin(b, "fred")
 
-		for i := 0; i < callCount; i++ {
+		for range callCount {
 			go func() {
 				defer wg.Done()
 				gasMeter2 := NewMockGasMeter(TESTING_GAS_LIMIT)
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ func Benchmark100ConcurrentContractCalls(b *testing.B) {
 		close(resChan)
 
 		// Now check results in the main test goroutine
-		for i := 0; i < callCount; i++ {
+		for range callCount {
 			require.NoError(b, <-errChan)
 			requireOkResponse(b, <-resChan, 0)
 		}
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ func TestDispatchSubmessage(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	payloadBin, err := json.Marshal(payload)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	payloadMsg := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"reflect_sub_msg":{"msgs":[%s]}}`, string(payloadBin)))
+	payloadMsg := fmt.Appendf(nil, `{"reflect_sub_msg":{"msgs":[%s]}}`, string(payloadBin))
 
 	gasMeter2 := NewMockGasMeter(TESTING_GAS_LIMIT)
 	igasMeter2 := types.GasMeter(gasMeter2)
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ func TestFloats(t *testing.T) {
 	hasher := sha256.New()
 	const RUNS_PER_INSTRUCTION = 150
 	for _, instr := range instructions {
-		for seed := 0; seed < RUNS_PER_INSTRUCTION; seed++ {
+		for seed := range RUNS_PER_INSTRUCTION {
 			// query some input values for the instruction
 			msg := fmt.Sprintf(`{"random_args_for":{"instruction":"%s","seed":%d}}`, instr, seed)
 			data, _, err = Query(cache, checksum, env, []byte(msg), &igasMeter, store, api, &querier, TESTING_GAS_LIMIT, TESTING_PRINT_DEBUG)
diff --git a/lib_libwasmvm_test.go b/lib_libwasmvm_test.go
index d204e113a..85c3294e7 100644
--- a/lib_libwasmvm_test.go
+++ b/lib_libwasmvm_test.go
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func TestLongPayloadDeserialization(t *testing.T) {
 	validPayload := make([]byte, 128*1024)
 	validPayloadJSON, err := json.Marshal(validPayload)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	resultJson := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"ok":{"messages":[{"id":0,"msg":{"bank":{"send":{"to_address":"bob","amount":[{"denom":"ATOM","amount":"250"}]}}},"payload":%s,"reply_on":"never"}],"data":"8Auq","attributes":[],"events":[]}}`, validPayloadJSON))
+	resultJson := fmt.Appendf(nil, `{"ok":{"messages":[{"id":0,"msg":{"bank":{"send":{"to_address":"bob","amount":[{"denom":"ATOM","amount":"250"}]}}},"payload":%s,"reply_on":"never"}],"data":"8Auq","attributes":[],"events":[]}}`, validPayloadJSON)
 
 	// Test that a valid payload can be deserialized
 	var result types.ContractResult
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ func TestLongPayloadDeserialization(t *testing.T) {
 	invalidPayload := make([]byte, 128*1024+1)
 	invalidPayloadJSON, err := json.Marshal(invalidPayload)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	resultJson = []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"ok":{"messages":[{"id":0,"msg":{"bank":{"send":{"to_address":"bob","amount":[{"denom":"ATOM","amount":"250"}]}}},"payload":%s,"reply_on":"never"}],"attributes":[],"events":[]}}`, invalidPayloadJSON))
+	resultJson = fmt.Appendf(nil, `{"ok":{"messages":[{"id":0,"msg":{"bank":{"send":{"to_address":"bob","amount":[{"denom":"ATOM","amount":"250"}]}}},"payload":%s,"reply_on":"never"}],"attributes":[],"events":[]}}`, invalidPayloadJSON)
 
 	// Test that an invalid payload cannot be deserialized
 	err = DeserializeResponse(math.MaxUint64, deserCost, &gasReport, resultJson, &result)
diff --git a/types/systemerror.go b/types/systemerror.go
index c7ca32029..ed0327668 100644
--- a/types/systemerror.go
+++ b/types/systemerror.go
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func ToSystemError(err error) *SystemError {
 }
 
 // check if an interface is nil (even if it has type info)
-func isNil(i interface{}) bool {
+func isNil(i any) bool {
 	if i == nil {
 		return true
 	}