Update the `ASCII` scalar function to support `Utf8View`

[tshauck]

Part of #11752 and #11790

Currently, the call to ASCII with a Utf8View datatypes induces a cast. After the change that fixes this issue, it should not.

query TT
EXPLAIN SELECT
  ASCII(column1_utf8view) AS l
FROM test;
----
logical_plan
01)Projection: ascii(CAST(test.column1_utf8view AS Utf8)) AS l
02)--TableScan: test projection=[column1_utf8view]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

We are working to add complete StringView support in DataFusion, which permits potentially much faster processing of string data. See #10918 for more background.

Today, most DataFusion string functions support DataType::Utf8 and DataType::LargeUtf8 and when called with a StringView argument DataFusion will cast the argument back to DataType::Utf8 which is expensive.

To realize the full speed of StringView, we need to ensure that all string functions support the DataType::Utf8View directly.

Describe the solution you'd like

Update the function to support DataType::Utf8View directly

Describe alternatives you've considered

The typical steps are:

1. Write some tests showing the function doesn't support Utf8View (see the tests in string_view.slt to ensure the arguments are not being cast
2. Change the Signature of the function to accept Utf8View in addition to Utf8/LargeUtf8
3. Update the implementation of the function to operate on Utf8View

Example PRs

• Update to use an arrow kernel that already supports StringView: feat: support Utf8View type in starts_with function #11787
• Change the implementation to support StringView directly: Implement native support StringView for character length #11676
• Change implementation (option 2): Initial support for regex_replace on StringViewArray #11556

Additional context

The documentation of string functions can be found here: https://datafusion.apache.org/user-guide/sql/scalar_functions.html#string-functions

To test a function with StringView with datafusion-cli you can use an example like this (replacing starts_with with the relevant function)

> create table foo as values (arrow_cast('foo', 'Utf8View'), arrow_cast('bar', 'Utf8View'));
0 row(s) fetched.
Elapsed 0.043 seconds.

> select starts_with(column1, column2) from foo;
+--------------------------------------+
| starts_with(foo.column1,foo.column2) |
+--------------------------------------+
| false                                |
+--------------------------------------+
1 row(s) fetched.
Elapsed 0.015 seconds.

To see if it is using utf8 view, use EXPLAIN to see the plan and verify there is no CAST. In this example the CAST(column1@0 AS Utf8) indicates that the function is not using Utf8View natively

> explain select starts_with(column1, column2) from foo;
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| plan_type     | plan                                                                                                                         |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| logical_plan  | Projection: starts_with(CAST(foo.column1 AS Utf8), CAST(foo.column2 AS Utf8))                                                |
|               |   TableScan: foo projection=[column1, column2]                                                                               |
| physical_plan | ProjectionExec: expr=[starts_with(CAST(column1@0 AS Utf8), CAST(column2@1 AS Utf8)) as starts_with(foo.column1,foo.column2)] |
|               |   MemoryExec: partitions=1, partition_sizes=[1]                                                                              |
|               |                                                                                                                              |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 row(s) fetched.
Elapsed 0.006 seconds.

It is also often good to test with a constant as well (likewise there should be no cast):

> explain select starts_with(column1, 'foo') from foo;
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| plan_type     | plan                                                                                                     |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| logical_plan  | Projection: starts_with(CAST(foo.column1 AS Utf8), Utf8("foo"))                                          |
|               |   TableScan: foo projection=[column1]                                                                    |
| physical_plan | ProjectionExec: expr=[starts_with(CAST(column1@0 AS Utf8), foo) as starts_with(foo.column1,Utf8("foo"))] |
|               |   MemoryExec: partitions=1, partition_sizes=[1]                                                          |
|               |                                                                                                          |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 row(s) fetched.
Elapsed 0.002 seconds.

### Additional context

_No response_

[alamb]

I double checked and the ascii function is defined here

datafusion/datafusion/functions/src/string/ascii.rs

Line 30 in 3d76aa2

pub fn ascii<T: OffsetSizeTrait>(args: &[ArrayRef]) -> Result<ArrayRef> {

We could follow the same pattern as character_length in #11676 so I think this is a good first issue as it has a good writeup and examples

Thank you @tshauck for filing