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git-rebase.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
<title>git-rebase(1)</title>
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-rebase(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git rebase</em> [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>]
[--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]]
<em>git rebase</em> [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>]
--root [<branch>]
<em>git rebase</em> (--continue|--skip|--abort|--quit|--edit-todo|--show-current-patch)</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <em><branch></em> is specified, <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> will perform an automatic
<code>git</code> <code>switch</code> <em><branch></em> before doing anything else. Otherwise
it remains on the current branch.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <em><upstream></em> is not specified, the upstream configured in
<code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.remote</code> and <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.merge</code> options will be used (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details) and the <code>--fork-point</code> option is
assumed. If you are currently not on any branch or if the current
branch does not have a configured upstream, the rebase will abort.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
in <em><upstream></em> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
of commits that would be shown by <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <em><upstream></em><code>..</code><code>HEAD</code>; or by
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> 'fork_point'<code>..</code><code>HEAD</code>, if <code>--fork-point</code> is active (see the
description on <code>--fork-point</code> below); or by <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>HEAD</code>, if the
<code>--root</code> option is specified.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The current branch is reset to <em><upstream></em> or <em><newbase></em> if the
<code>--onto</code> option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
<code>git</code> <code>reset</code> <code>--hard</code> <em><upstream></em> (or <em><newbase></em>). <code>ORIG_HEAD</code> is set
to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<code>ORIG_HEAD</code> is not guaranteed to still point to the previous branch tip
at the end of the rebase if other commands that write that pseudo-ref
(e.g. <code>git</code> <code>reset</code>) are used during the rebase. The previous branch tip,
however, is accessible using the reflog of the current branch
(i.e. <code>@</code>{1}, see <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>).
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
any commits in <code>HEAD</code> which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
in <code>HEAD</code><code>..</code><em><upstream></em> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
and run <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--continue</code>. Another option is to bypass the commit
that caused the merge failure with <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--skip</code>. To check out the
original <em><branch></em> and remove the .<code>git/rebase-apply</code> working files, use
the command <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--abort</code> instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> A---B---C topic
/
D---E---F---G master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From this point, the result of either of the following commands:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase master
git rebase master topic</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>would be:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> A'--B'--C' topic
/
D---E---F---G master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> The latter form is just a short-hand of <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>topic</code>
followed by <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>master</code>. When rebase exits <code>topic</code> will
remain the checked-out branch.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
will be skipped and warnings will be issued (if the <em>merge</em> backend is
used). For example, running <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>master</code> on the following
history (in which <code>A</code>' and <code>A</code> introduce the same set of changes, but
have different committer information):</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> A---B---C topic
/
D---E---A'---F master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>will result in:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> B'---C' topic
/
D---E---A'---F master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
from the latter branch, using <code>rebase</code> <code>--onto</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First let’s assume your <em>topic</em> is based on branch <em>next</em>.
For example, a feature developed in <em>topic</em> depends on some
functionality which is found in <em>next</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> o---o---o---o---o master
\
o---o---o---o---o next
\
o---o---o topic</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We want to make <em>topic</em> forked from branch <em>master</em>; for example,
because the functionality on which <em>topic</em> depends was merged into the
more stable <em>master</em> branch. We want our tree to look like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> o---o---o---o---o master
| \
| o'--o'--o' topic
\
o---o---o---o---o next</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can get this using the following command:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase --onto master next topic</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
branch. If we have the following situation:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> H---I---J topicB
/
E---F---G topicA
/
A---B---C---D master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>then the command</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase --onto master topicA topicB</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>would result in:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> H'--I'--J' topicB
/
| E---F---G topicA
|/
A---B---C---D master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
the following situation:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> E---F---G---H---I---J topicA</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>then the command</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>would result in the removal of commits F and G:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> E---H'---I'---J' topicA</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
part of topicA. Note that the argument to <code>--onto</code> and the <em><upstream></em>
parameter can be any valid commit-ish.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In case of conflict, <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> will stop at the first problematic commit
and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> to locate
the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
file you edit, you need to tell Git that the conflict has been resolved,
typically this would be done with</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git add <filename></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase --continue</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively, you can undo the <em>git rebase</em> with</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git rebase --abort</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_mode_options">MODE OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The options in this section cannot be used with any other option,
including not with each other:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">--continue</dt>
<dd>
<p>Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--skip</dt>
<dd>
<p>Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--abort</dt>
<dd>
<p>Abort the rebase operation and reset HEAD to the original
branch. If <em><branch></em> was provided when the rebase operation was
started, then <code>HEAD</code> will be reset to <em><branch></em>. Otherwise <code>HEAD</code>
will be reset to where it was when the rebase operation was
started.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--quit</dt>
<dd>
<p>Abort the rebase operation but <code>HEAD</code> is not reset back to the
original branch. The index and working tree are also left
unchanged as a result. If a temporary stash entry was created
using <code>--autostash</code>, it will be saved to the stash list.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--edit-todo</dt>
<dd>
<p>Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-current-patch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the current patch in an interactive rebase or when rebase
is stopped because of conflicts. This is the equivalent of
<code>git</code> <code>show</code> <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">--onto <newbase></dt>
<dd>
<p>Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
<code>--onto</code> option is not specified, the starting point is
<em><upstream></em>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
existing branch name.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a special case, you may use "A...B" as a shortcut for the
merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--keep-base</dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the
merge base of <em><upstream></em> and <em><branch></em>. Running
<code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--keep-base</code> <em><upstream></em> <em><branch></em> is equivalent to
running
<code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--reapply-cherry-picks</code> <code>--no-fork-point</code> <code>--onto</code> <em><upstream></em><code>...</code><em><branch></em> <em><upstream></em> <em><branch></em>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on
top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the
upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep
rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. As
the base commit is unchanged this option implies <code>--reapply-cherry-picks</code>
to avoid losing commits.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although both this option and <code>--fork-point</code> find the merge base between
<em><upstream></em> and <em><branch></em>, this option uses the merge base as the <em>starting
point</em> on which new commits will be created, whereas <code>--fork-point</code> uses
the merge base to determine the <em>set of commits</em> which will be rebased.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><upstream></dt>
<dd>
<p>Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured
upstream for the current branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><branch></dt>
<dd>
<p>Working branch; defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--apply</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use applying strategies to rebase (calling <code>git-am</code>
internally). This option may become a no-op in the future
once the merge backend handles everything the apply one does.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--empty=(drop|keep|stop)</dt>
<dd>
<p>How to handle commits that are not empty to start and are not
clean cherry-picks of any upstream commit, but which become
empty after rebasing (because they contain a subset of already
upstream changes):</p>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>drop</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The commit will be dropped. This is the default behavior.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>keep</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The commit will be kept. This option is implied when <code>--exec</code> is
specified unless <code>-i</code>/<code>--interactive</code> is also specified.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>stop</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ask</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The rebase will halt when the commit is applied, allowing you to
choose whether to drop it, edit files more, or just commit the empty
changes. This option is implied when <code>-i</code>/<code>--interactive</code> is
specified. <code>ask</code> is a deprecated synonym of <code>stop</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that commits which start empty are kept (unless <code>--no-keep-empty</code>
is specified), and commits which are clean cherry-picks (as determined
by <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> ...) are detected and dropped as a
preliminary step (unless <code>--reapply-cherry-picks</code> or <code>--keep-base</code> is
passed).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-keep-empty</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--keep-empty</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not keep commits that start empty before the rebase
(i.e. that do not change anything from its parent) in the
result. The default is to keep commits which start empty,
since creating such commits requires passing the <code>--allow-empty</code>
override flag to <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>, signifying that a user is very
intentionally creating such a commit and thus wants to keep
it.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Usage of this flag will probably be rare, since you can get rid of
commits that start empty by just firing up an interactive rebase and
removing the lines corresponding to the commits you don’t want. This
flag exists as a convenient shortcut, such as for cases where external
tools generate many empty commits and you want them all removed.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For commits which do not start empty but become empty after rebasing,
see the <code>--empty</code> flag.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reapply-cherry-picks</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-reapply-cherry-picks</dt>
<dd>
<p>Reapply all clean cherry-picks of any upstream commit instead
of preemptively dropping them. (If these commits then become
empty after rebasing, because they contain a subset of already
upstream changes, the behavior towards them is controlled by
the <code>--empty</code> flag.)</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the absence of <code>--keep-base</code> (or if <code>--no-reapply-cherry-picks</code> is
given), these commits will be automatically dropped. Because this
necessitates reading all upstream commits, this can be expensive in
repositories with a large number of upstream commits that need to be
read. When using the <em>merge</em> backend, warnings will be issued for each
dropped commit (unless <code>--quiet</code> is given). Advice will also be issued
unless <code>advice.skippedCherryPicks</code> is set to false (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--reapply-cherry-picks</code> allows rebase to forgo reading all upstream
commits, potentially improving performance.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty-message</dt>
<dd>
<p>No-op. Rebasing commits with an empty message used to fail
and this option would override that behavior, allowing commits
with empty messages to be rebased. Now commits with an empty
message do not cause rebasing to halt.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-m</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>Using merging strategies to rebase (default).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working
branch on top of the <em><upstream></em> branch. Because of this, when a merge
conflict happens, the side reported as <em>ours</em> is the so-far rebased
series, starting with <em><upstream></em>, and <em>theirs</em> is the working branch.
In other words, the sides are swapped.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-s <strategy></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--strategy=<strategy></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the given merge strategy, instead of the default <code>ort</code>.
This implies <code>--merge</code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Because <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> replays each commit from the working branch
on top of the <em><upstream></em> branch using the given strategy, using
the <code>ours</code> strategy simply empties all patches from the <em><branch></em>,
which makes little sense.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-X <strategy-option></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--strategy-option=<strategy-option></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pass the <strategy-option> through to the merge strategy.
This implies <code>--merge</code> and, if no strategy has been
specified, <code>-s</code> <code>ort</code>. Note the reversal of <em>ours</em> and
<em>theirs</em> as noted above for the <code>-m</code> option.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--rerere-autoupdate</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-rerere-autoupdate</dt>
<dd>
<p>After the rerere mechanism reuses a recorded resolution on
the current conflict to update the files in the working
tree, allow it to also update the index with the result of
resolution. <code>--no-rerere-autoupdate</code> is a good way to
double-check what <code>rerere</code> did and catch potential
mismerges, before committing the result to the index with a
separate <code>git</code> <code>add</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[<keyid>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable, and
earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
<dd>
<p>Be quiet. Implies <code>--no-stat</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
<dd>
<p>Be verbose. Implies <code>--stat</code>.</p>