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git-rev-list.html
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-rev-list(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git rev-list</em> [<options>] <commit>…​ [--] [<path>…​]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the
given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
given with a <em>^</em> in front of them. The output is given in reverse
chronological order by default.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable
from any of the ones given with <em>^</em> in front are subtracted from that
set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the command’s output.
Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the
result.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thus, the following command:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git rev-list foo bar ^baz</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but
not from <em>baz</em>".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a
short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of
the following may be used interchangeably:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git rev-list origin..HEAD
$ git rev-list HEAD ^origin</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…​<em><commit2></em>" which is useful
for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
$ git rev-list A...B</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>rev-list</em> is an essential Git command, since it
provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
this reason, it has a lot of different options that enable it to be
used by commands as different as <em>git bisect</em> and
<em>git repack</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
<code>--since=</code><em><date1></em> limits to commits newer than <em><date1></em>, and using it
with <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em> further limits to commits whose log message
has a line that matches <em><pattern></em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that these are applied before commit
ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-<number></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">-n <number></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=<number></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--skip=<number></dt>
<dd>
<p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--since=<date></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--after=<date></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=<date></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
is older than a specific date.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--until=<date></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--before=<date></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--max-age=<timestamp></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--min-age=<timestamp></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to specified time range.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--author=<pattern></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--committer=<pattern></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
expression). With more than one <code>--author=</code><em><pattern></em>,
commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em><pattern></em>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=<pattern></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an
error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--grep=<pattern></dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
more than one <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em>, commits whose message
matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
<code>--all-match</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt>
<dd>
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt>
<dd>
<p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
case.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
this is the default.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
pattern as a regular expression).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt>
<dd>
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
expressions.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them
providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt>
<dd>
<p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=<number></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=<number></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
<code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>. <code>--max-parents=0</code>
gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
again. Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
<dd>
<p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option
can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
the individual commits brought in to your history by such
a merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt>
<dd>
<p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt>
<dd>
<p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
not be affected by it.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=<pattern>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
<em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=<pattern>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=<pattern>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--glob=<glob-pattern></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em><glob-pattern></em>
are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=<glob-pattern></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not include refs matching <em><glob-pattern></em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
<code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
<code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
accumulated patterns).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
<code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
explicitly.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
<code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
<code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
<code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reflog</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
command line as <em><commit></em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--alternate-refs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>. The set of included objects may
be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--single-worktree</dt>
<dd>
<p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
following options when there are more than one (see
<a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
<code>--indexed-objects</code>.
This option forces them to examine the current working tree
only.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-missing</dt>
<dd>
<p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
the bad input was not given.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
<dd>
<p>Don’t print anything to standard output. This form
is primarily meant to allow the caller to
test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout
to <code>/dev/null</code> as the output does not have to be formatted.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--disk-usage</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--disk-usage=human</dt>
<dd>
<p>Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
equivalent to piping the output into <code>git</code> <code>cat-file</code>
<code>--batch-check=</code>'%(<code>objectsize:disk</code>)', except that it runs much
faster (especially with <code>--use-bitmap-index</code>). See the <code>CAVEATS</code>
section in <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a> for the limitations of what
"on-disk storage" means.
With the optional value <code>human</code>, on-disk storage size is shown
in human-readable string(e.g. 12.24 Kib, 3.50 Mib).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-mark</dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-pick</dt>
<dd>
<p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
another commit on the “other side” when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
<code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, “3rd on b” may be
cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
<dd>
<p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
i.e. only those which would be marked < resp. > by
<code>--left-right</code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
<code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
list.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry</dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
<code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-g</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--walk-reflogs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown
as <code>ref@</code>{<em><Nth></em>} (where <em><Nth></em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em><timestamp></em>} (with the <em><timestamp></em> for that entry),
depending on a few rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em><Nth></em>}, show the index
format.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
timestamp format.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em><other></em>,
where <em><other></em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
<code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--boundary</dt>
<dd>
<p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--use-bitmap-index</dt>
<dd>
<p>Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
one is available). Note that when traversing with <code>--objects</code>,
trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--progress=<header></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
<em><header></em> text will be printed with each progress update.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of being newline-delimited, each outputted object and its
accompanying metadata is delimited using NUL bytes. Output is printed
in the following form:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><OID> NUL [<token>=<value> NUL]...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Additional object metadata, such as object paths or boundary objects, is
printed using the <em><token></em><code>=</code><em><value></em> form. Token values are printed as-is
without any encoding/truncation. An OID entry never contains a <em>=</em> character
and thus is used to signal the start of a new object record. Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><OID> NUL
<OID> NUL path=<path> NUL
<OID> NUL boundary=yes NUL
<OID> NUL missing=yes NUL [<token>=<value> NUL]...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This mode is only compatible with the <code>--objects</code>, <code>--boundary</code>, and
<code>--missing</code> output options.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
<em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><paths></dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-by-decoration</dt>
<dd>
<p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
<dd>
<p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
with the same content)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
<dd>