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gitattributes.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
<title>gitattributes(5)</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
<style>
/*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
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h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
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pre.nowrap,pre.nowrap pre{white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal}
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strong strong{font-weight:400}
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#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
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#header .details br+span#revremark::before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"}
#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize}
#header #revnumber::after{content:"\00a0"}
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body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}}
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitattributes(5) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitattributes - Defining attributes per path</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>gitattributes</code> file is a simple text file that gives
<code>attributes</code> to pathnames.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each line in <code>gitattributes</code> file is of form:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>pattern attr1 attr2 ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list,
separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are
ignored. Lines that begin with <em>#</em> are ignored. Patterns
that begin with a double quote are quoted in C style.
When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes
listed on the line are given to the path.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set</dt>
<dd>
<p>The path has the attribute with special value "true";
this is specified by listing only the name of the
attribute in the attribute list.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Unset</dt>
<dd>
<p>The path has the attribute with special value "false";
this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
prefixed with a dash <code>-</code> in the attribute list.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set to a value</dt>
<dd>
<p>The path has the attribute with specified string value;
this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
followed by an equal sign <code>=</code> and its value in the
attribute list.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt>
<dd>
<p>No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if
the path has or does not have the attribute, the
attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line
overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per
attribute.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The rules by which the pattern matches paths are the same as in
.<code>gitignore</code> files (see <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>), with a few exceptions:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>negative patterns are forbidden</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>patterns that match a directory do not recursively match paths
inside that directory (so using the trailing-slash <code>path/</code> syntax is
pointless in an attributes file; use <code>path/</code>** instead)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git
consults <code>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes</code> file (which has the highest
precedence), .<code>gitattributes</code> file in the same directory as the
path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the
work tree (the further the directory that contains .<code>gitattributes</code>
is from the path in question, the lower its precedence). Finally
global and system-wide files are considered (they have the lowest
precedence).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the .<code>gitattributes</code> file is missing from the work tree, the
path in the index is used as a fall-back. During checkout process,
.<code>gitattributes</code> in the index is used and then the file in the
working tree is used as a fall-back.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign
attributes to files that are particular to
one user’s workflow for that repository), then
attributes should be placed in the <code>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes</code> file.
Attributes which should be version-controlled and distributed to other
repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should go into
.<code>gitattributes</code> files. Attributes that should affect all repositories
for a single user should be placed in a file specified by the
<code>core.attributesFile</code> configuration option (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME
is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/attributes is used instead.
Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the
<code>$</code>(<code>prefix</code>)<code>/etc/gitattributes</code> file.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute
for a path to <code>Unspecified</code> state. This can be done by listing
the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point !.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_reserved_builtin_attributes">RESERVED BUILTIN_* ATTRIBUTES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>builtin_* is a reserved namespace for builtin attribute values. Any
user defined attributes under this namespace will be ignored and
trigger a warning.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_builtin_objectmode"><code>builtin_objectmode</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This attribute is for filtering files by their file bit modes (40000,
120000, 160000, 100755, 100644). e.g. <em>:(attr:builtin_objectmode=160000)</em>.
You may also check these values with <code>git</code> <code>check-attr</code> <code>builtin_objectmode</code> <code>--</code> <em><file></em>.
If the object is not in the index <code>git</code> <code>check-attr</code> <code>--cached</code> will return unspecified.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_effects">EFFECTS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Certain operations by Git can be influenced by assigning
particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following
operations are attributes-aware.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_checking_out_and_checking_in">Checking-out and checking-in</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These attributes affect how the contents stored in the
repository are copied to the working tree files when commands
such as <em>git switch</em>, <em>git checkout</em> and <em>git merge</em> run.
They also affect how
Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the
repository upon <em>git add</em> and <em>git commit</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_text"><code>text</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This attribute marks the path as a text file, which enables end-of-line
conversion: When a matching file is added to the index, the file’s line
endings are normalized to LF in the index. Conversely, when the file is
copied from the index to the working directory, its line endings may be
converted from LF to CRLF depending on the <code>eol</code> attribute, the Git
config, and the platform (see explanation of <code>eol</code> below).</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set</dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting the <code>text</code> attribute on a path enables end-of-line
conversion on checkin and checkout as described above. Line endings
are normalized to LF in the index every time the file is checked in,
even if the file was previously added to Git with CRLF line endings.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Unset</dt>
<dd>
<p>Unsetting the <code>text</code> attribute on a path tells Git not to
attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "auto"</dt>
<dd>
<p>When <code>text</code> is set to "auto", Git decides by itself whether the file
is text or binary. If it is text and the file was not already in
Git with CRLF endings, line endings are converted on checkin and
checkout as described above. Otherwise, no conversion is done on
checkin or checkout.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the <code>text</code> attribute is unspecified, Git uses the
<code>core.autocrlf</code> configuration variable to determine if the
file should be converted.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Any other value causes Git to act as if <code>text</code> has been left
unspecified.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_eol"><code>eol</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This attribute marks a path to use a specific line-ending style in the
working tree when it is checked out. It has effect only if <code>text</code> or
<code>text=auto</code> is set (see above), but specifying <code>eol</code> automatically sets
<code>text</code> if <code>text</code> was left unspecified.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "crlf"</dt>
<dd>
<p>This setting converts the file’s line endings in the working
directory to CRLF when the file is checked out.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "lf"</dt>
<dd>
<p>This setting uses the same line endings in the working directory as
in the index when the file is checked out.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the <code>eol</code> attribute is unspecified for a file, its line endings
in the working directory are determined by the <code>core.autocrlf</code> or
<code>core.eol</code> configuration variable (see the definitions of those
options in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). If <code>text</code> is set but neither of
those variables is, the default is <code>eol=crlf</code> on Windows and
<code>eol=lf</code> on all other platforms.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_backwards_compatibility_with_crlf_attribute">Backwards compatibility with <code>crlf</code> attribute</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For backwards compatibility, the <code>crlf</code> attribute is interpreted as
follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>crlf text
-crlf -text
crlf=input eol=lf</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_end_of_line_conversion">End-of-line conversion</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While Git normally leaves file contents alone, it can be configured to
normalize line endings to LF in the repository and, optionally, to
convert them to CRLF when files are checked out.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you simply want to have CRLF line endings in your working directory
regardless of the repository you are working with, you can set the
config variable "core.autocrlf" without using any attributes.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[core]
autocrlf = true</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This does not force normalization of text files, but does ensure
that text files that you introduce to the repository have their line
endings normalized to LF when they are added, and that files that are
already normalized in the repository stay normalized.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you want to ensure that text files that any contributor introduces to
the repository have their line endings normalized, you can set the
<code>text</code> attribute to "auto" for <em>all</em> files.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>* text=auto</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The attributes allow a fine-grained control, how the line endings
are converted.
Here is an example that will make Git normalize .txt, .vcproj and .sh
files, ensure that .vcproj files have CRLF and .sh files have LF in
the working directory, and prevent .jpg files from being normalized
regardless of their content.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>* text=auto
*.txt text
*.vcproj text eol=crlf
*.sh text eol=lf
*.jpg -text</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
When <code>text=auto</code> conversion is enabled in a cross-platform
project using push and pull to a central repository the text files
containing CRLFs should be normalized.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From a clean working directory:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes
$ git add --renormalize .
$ git status # Show files that will be normalized
$ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If any files that should not be normalized show up in <em>git status</em>,
unset their <code>text</code> attribute before running <em>git add -u</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>manual.pdf -text</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversely, text files that Git does not detect can have normalization
enabled manually.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>weirdchars.txt text</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <code>core.safecrlf</code> is set to "true" or "warn", Git verifies if
the conversion is reversible for the current setting of
<code>core.autocrlf</code>. For "true", Git rejects irreversible
conversions; for "warn", Git only prints a warning but accepts
an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such
a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a
few exceptions. Even though…​</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><em>git add</em> itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the
next checkout would, so the safety triggers;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>git apply</em> to update a text file with a patch does touch the files
in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF
conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the
safety does not trigger;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>git diff</em> itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is
often run to inspect the changes you intend to next <em>git add</em>. To
catch potential problems early, safety triggers.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_working_tree_encoding"><code>working-tree-encoding</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git recognizes files encoded in ASCII or one of its supersets (e.g.
UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, …​) as text files. Files encoded in certain other
encodings (e.g. UTF-16) are interpreted as binary and consequently
built-in Git text processing tools (e.g. <em>git diff</em>) as well as most Git
web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files by default.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working
directory with the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute. If a file with this
attribute is added to Git, then Git re-encodes the content from the
specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git stores the UTF-8 encoded
content in its internal data structure (called "the index"). On checkout
the content is re-encoded back to the specified encoding.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Please note that using the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute may have a
number of pitfalls:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Alternative Git implementations (e.g. JGit or libgit2) and older Git
versions (as of March 2018) do not support the <code>working-tree-encoding</code>
attribute. If you decide to use the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute
in your repository, then it is strongly recommended to ensure that all
clients working with the repository support it.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, Microsoft Visual Studio resources files (*.<code>rc</code>) or
PowerShell script files (*.<code>ps1</code>) are sometimes encoded in UTF-16.
If you declare *.<code>ps1</code> as files as UTF-16 and you add <code>foo.ps1</code> with
a <code>working-tree-encoding</code> enabled Git client, then <code>foo.ps1</code> will be
stored as UTF-8 internally. A client without <code>working-tree-encoding</code>
support will checkout <code>foo.ps1</code> as UTF-8 encoded file. This will
typically cause trouble for the users of this file.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If a Git client that does not support the <code>working-tree-encoding</code>
attribute adds a new file <code>bar.ps1</code>, then <code>bar.ps1</code> will be
stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16).
A client with <code>working-tree-encoding</code> support will interpret the
internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout.
That operation will fail and cause an error.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Reencoding content to non-UTF encodings can cause errors as the
conversion might not be UTF-8 round trip safe. If you suspect your
encoding to not be round trip safe, then add it to
<code>core.checkRoundtripEncoding</code> to make Git check the round trip
encoding (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). SHIFT-JIS (Japanese character
set) is known to have round trip issues with UTF-8 and is checked by
default.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Reencoding content requires resources that might slow down certain
Git operations (e.g <em>git checkout</em> or <em>git add</em>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute only if you cannot store a file
in UTF-8 encoding and if you want Git to be able to process the content
as text.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As an example, use the following attributes if your <em>*.ps1</em> files are
UTF-16 encoded with byte order mark (BOM) and you want Git to perform
automatic line ending conversion based on your platform.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use the following attributes if your <em>*.ps1</em> files are UTF-16 little
endian encoded without BOM and you want Git to use Windows line endings
in the working directory (use <code>UTF-16LE-BOM</code> instead of <code>UTF-16LE</code> if
you want UTF-16 little endian with BOM).
Please note, it is highly recommended to
explicitly define the line endings with <code>eol</code> if the <code>working-tree-encoding</code>
attribute is used to avoid ambiguity.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE eol=crlf</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can get a list of all available encodings on your platform with the
following command:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>iconv --list</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you do not know the encoding of a file, then you can use the <code>file</code>
command to guess the encoding:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>file foo.ps1</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_ident"><code>ident</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the attribute <code>ident</code> is set for a path, Git replaces
<code>$Id$</code> in the blob object with <code>$Id:</code>, followed by the
40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar
sign <code>$</code> upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with
<code>$Id:</code> and ends with <code>$</code> in the worktree file is replaced
with <code>$Id$</code> upon check-in.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_filter"><code>filter</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>filter</code> attribute can be set to a string value that names a
filter driver specified in the configuration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A filter driver consists of a <code>clean</code> command and a <code>smudge</code>
command, either of which can be left unspecified. Upon
checkout, when the <code>smudge</code> command is specified, the command is
fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard
output is used to update the worktree file. Similarly, the
<code>clean</code> command is used to convert the contents of worktree file
upon checkin. By default these commands process only a single
blob and terminate. If a long running <code>process</code> filter is used
in place of <code>clean</code> and/or <code>smudge</code> filters, then Git can process
all blobs with a single filter command invocation for the entire
life of a single Git command, for example <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>--all</code>. If a
long running <code>process</code> filter is configured then it always takes
precedence over a configured single blob filter. See section
below for the description of the protocol used to communicate with
a <code>process</code> filter.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>One use of the content filtering is to massage the content into a shape
that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and the user to use.
For this mode of operation, the key phrase here is "more convenient" and
not "turning something unusable into usable". In other words, the intent
is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, or does not have
the appropriate filter program, the project should still be usable.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Another use of the content filtering is to store the content that cannot
be directly used in the repository (e.g. a UUID that refers to the true
content stored outside Git, or an encrypted content) and turn it into a
usable form upon checkout (e.g. download the external content, or decrypt
the encrypted content).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These two filters behave differently, and by default, a filter is taken as
the former, massaging the contents into more convenient shape. A missing
filter driver definition in the config, or a filter driver that exits with
a non-zero status, is not an error but makes the filter a no-op passthru.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can declare that a filter turns a content that by itself is unusable
into a usable content by setting the filter.<driver>.required configuration
variable to <code>true</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note: Whenever the clean filter is changed, the repo should be renormalized:
$ git add --renormalize .</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the <code>filter</code>
attribute for paths.</p>