Rollup merge of #139764 - dtolnay:extractif, r=Amanieu

Consistent trait bounds for ExtractIf Debug impls

Closes #137654. Refer to that issue for a table of the **4** different impl signatures we previously had in the standard library for Debug impls of various ExtractIf iterator types.

The one we are standardizing on is the one so far only used by `alloc::collections::linked_list::ExtractIf`, which is _no_ `F: Debug` bound, _no_ `F: FnMut` bound, only `T: Debug` bound.

This PR applies the following signature changes:

```diff
/* alloc::collections::btree_map */

    pub struct ExtractIf<'a, K, V, F, A = Global>
    where
-       F: 'a + FnMut(&K, &mut V) -> bool,
        Allocator + Clone,

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, K, V, F,
+       A,
    >
    where
        K: Debug,
        V: Debug,
-       F: FnMut(&K, &mut V) -> bool,
+       A: Allocator + Clone,
```

```diff
/* alloc::collections::btree_set */

    pub struct ExtractIf<'a, T, F, A = Global>
    where
-       T: 'a,
-       F: 'a + FnMut(&T) -> bool,
        Allocator + Clone,

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, T, F, A>
    where
        T: Debug,
-       F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
        A: Allocator + Clone,
```

```diff
/* alloc::collections::linked_list */

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, T, F,
+       A,
    >
    where
        T: Debug,
+       A: Allocator,
```

```diff
/* alloc::vec */

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, T, F, A>
    where
        T: Debug,
-       F: Debug,
        A: Allocator,
-       A: Debug,
```

```diff
/* std::collections::hash_map */

    pub struct ExtractIf<'a, K, V, F>
    where
-       F: FnMut(&K, &mut V) -> bool,

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, K, V, F>
    where
+       K: Debug,
+       V: Debug,
-       F: FnMut(&K, &mut V) -> bool,
```

```diff
/* std::collections::hash_set */

    pub struct ExtractIf<'a, T, F>
    where
-       F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

    impl Debug for ExtractIf<'a, T, F>
    where
+       T: Debug,
-       F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
```

I have made the following changes to bring these types into better alignment with one another.

- Delete `F: Debug` bounds. These are especially problematic because Rust closures do not come with a Debug impl, rendering the impl useless.

- Delete `A: Debug` bounds. Allocator parameters are unstable for now, but in the future this would become an API commitment that we do not debug-print a representation of the allocator when printing an iterator.

- Delete `F: FnMut` bounds. Requires `hashbrown` PR: rust-lang/hashbrown#616. **API commitment:** we commit to not doing RefCell voodoo inside ExtractIf to have some way for its Debug impl (which takes &amp;self) to call a FnMut closure, if this is even possible.

- Add `T: Debug` bounds (or `K`/`V`), even on Debug impls that do not currently make use of them, but might in the future. **Breaking change.** Must backport into Rust 1.87 (current beta) or do a de-stabilization PR in beta to delay those types by one release.

- Render using `debug_struct` + `finish_non_exhaustive`, instead of `debug_tuple`.

- Do not render the _entire_ underlying collection.

- Show a "peek" field indicating the current position of the iterator.

Author: Zalathar