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UGM6 complete
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‎UGM6/groups/index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<title>groups Command Explanation</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="container">
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<h1>Understanding the <code>groups</code> Command</h1>
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<section>
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<h2>Basic Usage of <code>groups</code></h2>
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<p>The <code>groups</code> command is used to display the groups to which a user belongs. It can be run without any arguments to show the groups of the current user or with a username to display the groups for a specified user.</p>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>groups [USERNAME]</code>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Common Options for <code>groups</code></h2>
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<p>The <code>groups</code> command has limited options, primarily focused on its output format:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>-n, --no-numeric</code> - Show the group names instead of numeric group IDs.</li>
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<li><code>-h, --help</code> - Display help information and exit.</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Examples of <code>groups</code> Command</h2>
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<h3>Show Groups for Current User</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>groups</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command will display the groups for the currently logged-in user.</p>
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<h3>Show Groups for a Specific User</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>groups username</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command will display the groups for the specified <code>username</code>.</p>
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<h3>Show Groups with Numeric IDs</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>groups -n</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command will show the groups with their numeric IDs instead of their names.</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Understanding Group Management</h2>
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<p>Groups are used in Linux to manage user permissions and access controls. When a user is part of a group:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>The user inherits permissions and privileges assigned to that group.</li>
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<li>Group memberships can be used to simplify administration, allowing multiple users to share access to files and resources.</li>
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<li>Users can be added or removed from groups by an administrator using commands like <code>usermod</code> or <code>gpasswd</code>.</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Summary of Options</h2>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Option</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-n, --no-numeric</code></td>
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<td>Show the group names instead of numeric group IDs.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-h, --help</code></td>
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<td>Display help information and exit.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</section>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>

‎UGM6/groups/style.css

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body {
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font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
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background-color: #f0f8ff;
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margin: 0;
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padding: 0;
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}
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.container {
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max-width: 900px;
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margin: 40px auto;
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padding: 20px;
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background-color: #fff;
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border-radius: 8px;
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box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
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}
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h1 {
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color: #1e90ff;
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margin-bottom: 20px;
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}
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h2 {
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color: #1e90ff;
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margin-top: 20px;
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}
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h3 {
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margin-top: 15px;
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color: #444;
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}
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p {
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margin-bottom: 15px;
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}
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ul {
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margin-top: 10px;
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padding-left: 20px;
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}
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li {
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margin-bottom: 10px;
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}
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.code-block {
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background-color: #f4f4f4;
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padding: 10px;
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border-left: 3px solid #1e90ff;
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margin: 10px 0;
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font-family: monospace;
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}
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code {
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font-family: monospace;
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color: #c7254e;
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background-color: #f9f2f4;
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padding: 2px 4px;
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border-radius: 4px;
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}
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table {
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width: 100%;
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border-collapse: collapse;
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margin-top: 15px;
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}
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thead {
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background-color: #1e90ff;
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color: #fff;
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}
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th, td {
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padding: 10px;
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border: 1px solid #ddd;
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text-align: left;
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}
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tbody tr:nth-child(even) {
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background-color: #f4f4f4;
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}

‎UGM6/passwd/index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<title>passwd Command Explanation</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="container">
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<h1>Understanding the <code>passwd</code> Command</h1>
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<section>
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<h2>Basic Usage of <code>passwd</code></h2>
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<p>The <code>passwd</code> command is used to change a user's password in Linux systems. It allows users to set or modify their own passwords and, when executed by the root user, can change passwords for any user.</p>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>passwd [OPTIONS] [USERNAME]</code>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Common Options for <code>passwd</code></h2>
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<p>The <code>passwd</code> command supports several options:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>-d, --delete</code> - Delete the user's password, allowing access without a password.</li>
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<li><code>-l, --lock</code> - Lock the user's password, preventing login.</li>
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<li><code>-u, --unlock</code> - Unlock the user's password, allowing login again.</li>
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<li><code>-e, --expire</code> - Expire the user's password immediately, forcing a change at the next login.</li>
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<li><code--status</code> - Display the status of the user's password.</li>
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<li><code>-h, --help</code> - Display help information and exit.</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Examples of <code>passwd</code> Command</h2>
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<h3>Change Own Password</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>passwd</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command prompts the user to enter their current password and then the new password to update it.</p>
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<h3>Change Another User's Password</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>sudo passwd username</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command allows the root user to change the password for the specified <code>username</code>.</p>
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<h3>Lock a User's Password</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>sudo passwd -l username</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command locks the password for <code>username</code>, preventing the user from logging in until the password is unlocked.</p>
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<h3>Unlock a User's Password</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>sudo passwd -u username</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command unlocks the password for <code>username</code>, allowing them to log in again.</p>
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<h3>Expire a User's Password</h3>
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<div class="code-block">
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<code>sudo passwd -e username</code>
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</div>
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<p>This command expires the password for <code>username</code>, requiring them to change it at the next login.</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Understanding Password Management</h2>
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<p>When a password is changed using the <code>passwd</code> command:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>The new password is stored in an encrypted format in the <code>/etc/shadow</code> file.</li>
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<li>Account locking prevents the user from logging in, even if they know the correct password.</li>
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<li>Expiring a password forces the user to create a new one at the next login, enhancing security.</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Summary of Options</h2>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Option</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-d, --delete</code></td>
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<td>Delete the user's password, allowing access without a password.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-l, --lock</code></td>
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<td>Lock the user's password, preventing login.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-u, --unlock</code></td>
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<td>Unlock the user's password, allowing login again.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-e, --expire</code></td>
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<td>Expire the user's password immediately.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>--status</code></td>
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<td>Display the status of the user's password.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>-h, --help</code></td>
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<td>Display help information and exit.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</section>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>

‎UGM6/passwd/style.css

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body {
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font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
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background-color: #f0f8ff;
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margin: 0;
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padding: 0;
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}
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.container {
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max-width: 900px;
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margin: 40px auto;
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padding: 20px;
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background-color: #fff;
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border-radius: 8px;
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box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
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}
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h1 {
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color: #1e90ff;
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margin-bottom: 20px;
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}
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h2 {
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color: #1e90ff;
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margin-top: 20px;
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}
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h3 {
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margin-top: 15px;
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color: #444;
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}
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p {
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margin-bottom: 15px;
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}
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ul {
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margin-top: 10px;
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padding-left: 20px;
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}
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li {
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margin-bottom: 10px;
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}
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.code-block {
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background-color: #f4f4f4;
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padding: 10px;
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border-left: 3px solid #1e90ff;
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margin: 10px 0;
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font-family: monospace;
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}
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code {
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font-family: monospace;
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color: #c7254e;
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background-color: #f9f2f4;
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padding: 2px 4px;
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border-radius: 4px;
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}
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table {
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width: 100%;
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border-collapse: collapse;
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margin-top: 15px;
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}
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thead {
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background-color: #1e90ff;
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color: #fff;
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}
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th, td {
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padding: 10px;
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border: 1px solid #ddd;
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text-align: left;
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}
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tbody tr:nth-child(even) {
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background-color: #f4f4f4;
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}

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