@@ -500,9 +500,9 @@ See the [chattr manpage](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chattr.1.html
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| ` free -h ` | Shows memory usage including swap space. |
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| ` uptime ` | Displays system uptime and load average. |
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| ` who -b ` | Shows last system boot time. |
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- | `dmesg | head` | Displays system log messages (hardware boot events). |
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+ | ` dmesg \ | head ` | Displays system log messages (hardware boot events). |
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| ` lsblk ` | Lists block devices (disks and partitions). |
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- | `mount | column -t` | Shows mounted file systems. |
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+ | ` mount \ | column -t ` | Shows mounted file systems. |
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| ` env ` | Prints system environment variables. |
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### ** Processes**
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ Here are some key files inside `/proc` that can provide valuable system data:
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| File | Purpose | Example Usage |
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| ------| ---------| --------------|
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| ` /proc/cpuinfo ` | Displays CPU details (cores, vendor, speed). | ` cat /proc/cpuinfo ` |
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- | ` /proc/meminfo ` | Shows memory statistics (RAM usage, swap, buffers). | `cat /proc/meminfo | grep MemTotal` |
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+ | ` /proc/meminfo ` | Shows memory statistics (RAM usage, swap, buffers). | ` cat /proc/meminfo \ | grep MemTotal ` |
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| ` /proc/uptime ` | Indicates how long the system has been running. | ` cat /proc/uptime ` |
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| ` /proc/loadavg ` | Displays system load averages over 1, 5, and 15 minutes. | ` cat /proc/loadavg ` |
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| ` /proc/swaps ` | Lists active swap partitions. | ` cat /proc/swaps ` |
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ Each process running on the system has a **dedicated directory** under `/proc`,
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| File | Description | Example Usage |
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| ------| -------------| --------------|
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| ` /proc/[PID]/cmdline ` | Displays the exact command used to start the process. | ` cat /proc/1234/cmdline ` |
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- | ` /proc/[PID]/status ` | Provides detailed status info, including memory and CPU usage. | `cat /proc/1234/status | grep VmRSS` |
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+ | ` /proc/[PID]/status ` | Provides detailed status info, including memory and CPU usage. | ` cat /proc/1234/status \ | grep VmRSS ` |
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| ` /proc/[PID]/fd/ ` | Lists open file descriptors of the process. | ` ls -l /proc/1234/fd/ ` |
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| ` /proc/[PID]/environ ` | Displays environment variables for the process. | ` cat /proc/1234/environ ` |
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@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ These Linux networking commands help manage interfaces, connections, and trouble
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| ` dhclient ` | Requests a new IP address via DHCP. | ` dhclient eth0 ` |
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| ` ping ` | Tests network connectivity to a target IP or domain. | ` ping google.com ` |
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| ` traceroute ` | Displays the route packets take to a destination. | ` traceroute 8.8.8.8 ` |
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- | ` netstat -tulnp ` | Lists active network connections and listening services. | `netstat -tulnp | grep :80` |
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+ | ` netstat -tulnp ` | Lists active network connections and listening services. | ` netstat -tulnp \ | grep :80 ` |
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| ` ss -tulnp ` | Modern replacement for ` netstat ` , shows listening ports and active connections. | ` ss -tulnp ` |
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| ` tcpdump ` | Captures and analyzes network packets. | ` tcpdump -i eth0 port 443 ` |
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| ` iptables -L ` | Lists firewall rules set by ` iptables ` . | ` iptables -L INPUT ` |
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